The execution chamber in Hamelin prison was silent save for the metallic click of the trapdoor mechanism being tested. Albert Pierrepoint, Britain’s most experienced hangman, moved with clinical precision, checking the leather straps and the calibrated ropes that would end thirteen lives before the day was through. It was December 13, 1945, and the world was about to witness the grim culmination of justice for the Holocaust’s most notorious female perpetrators.
The first woman brought to the gallows that morning was Elisabeth Volkenrath, a 26-year-old former hairdresser who had risen through the ranks of the SS to become the senior female supervisor at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Born in 1919 in the Prussian village of Schönau, her path from rural obscurity to war criminal was tragically ordinary. She had joined the SS in 1941 at age twenty-two, initially serving at Ravensbrück before being transferred to Auschwitz in 1942, where she met and married SS officer Heinz Volkenrath inside the camp itself, with SS honor guards standing beside them as the crematoria smoke billowed into the sky behind the ceremony.
Survivors testified that Volkenrath personally selected prisoners for the gas chambers and oversaw public hangings within the camp. When the Soviet army advanced in January 1945, she was evacuated to Bergen-Belsen, where conditions deteriorated into catastrophic starvation and disease. British troops liberated the camp in April 1945 and found thousands of unburied corpses scattered across the grounds.
During her trial, Volkenrath admitted to regularly slapping prisoners, claiming it was necessary to maintain order, but denied selecting anyone for the gas chambers. The judges did not believe her. She was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to death by hanging.
At precisely 9:34 AM, Pierrepoint calculated the rope length based on her weight to ensure a swift break of the neck. Volkenrath was 26 years old. Approximately thirty minutes later, another woman walked to the same gallows.
Her name was Grese, and she had become one of the most infamous female Nazi guards in Europe, dubbed “the Beautiful Beast” and “the Hyena of Auschwitz” by the press. She was only 22 years old.
Margarete Grese was born in October 1923 in a small agricultural village in Germany. Her childhood was mostly ordinary until her mother’s death during her teenage years, a tragedy that deeply affected the family. At nineteen, she joined the Nazi camp system and began training at Ravensbrück.
In March 1943, she was transferred to Auschwitz, where her story took a particularly dark turn. She rose through the ranks rapidly, eventually becoming responsible for approximately 18,000 female prisoners, mostly Poles and Hungarian Jews. By autumn 1943, she had reached the rank of senior supervisor, making her the second-highest-ranking woman in the camp.
Survivors who later testified against Grese described brutal beatings, random shootings, and cruelty that seemed far beyond merely following orders. Some witnesses even claimed she appeared to enjoy the power she held over prisoners, a behavior that disturbed even some of the other guards. In March 1945, she was transferred to Bergen-Belsen, where British forces captured her after liberating the camp the following month.
During her trial, Grese pleaded not guilty to all charges. But survivor after survivor came to court to describe what they had personally witnessed. Even her own sister later said Grese rarely spoke about her work at home, and when she did, she simply claimed her job was to ensure prisoners worked properly and did not escape.
The night before her execution, witnesses said Grese spent part of the evening singing songs. Whether it was an act of defiance, denial, or simply a way to cope with what awaited her, no one knows for certain. Shortly after 10:00 AM on December 13, she walked to the same gallows used by Volkenrath less than an hour earlier.
Albert Pierrepoint carried out the death sentence. Grese was only 22 years old, making her the youngest woman executed under British law during the entire twentieth century. A third woman, Johanna Bormann, was executed shortly afterward, followed by ten men, including Josef Kramer, who became known as the Beast of Belsen for his role in running several concentration camps.
By four o’clock that afternoon, all thirteen death sentences had been carried out, marking one of the largest single-day executions of convicted Nazi war criminals in history.
But the story did not end in Germany. Just seven months later, on the other side of Europe, a hillside in Poland became the site of an execution spectacle unlike anything the continent had ever seen. It happened at Stutthof, one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany.
The camp opened its gates outside the city of Danzig, now known as Gdańsk in Poland, just days after Germany invaded Poland in September 1939 and started World War II. During the final years of the war, the camp became a place of mass murder. Tens of thousands of prisoners died there from starvation, disease, executions, and gas chambers.
Some of the camp’s most terrifying guards were young German women barely out of their teens. One of them was Jenny Wanda Barkmann, born in 1922 in Hamburg, Germany. She volunteered to become a concentration camp guard in 1944.
Prisoners quickly gave her a nickname that reflected both fear and bitter irony: the Beautiful Specter. They described her as attractive on the outside but terrifying due to her cruelty. Survivors later said she beat prisoners without hesitation and participated in selecting women and children who would be sent to the gas chambers to be killed.
When Soviet forces liberated Stutthof in May 1945, Barkmann tried to disappear by hiding in Gdańsk and pretending to be an ordinary local resident. It did not work. Someone recognized her, and she was arrested later that same month.
Working alongside Barkmann at Stutthof was Elisabeth Becker, born in 1923 in a town near Danzig. Unlike Barkmann, Becker never planned to join the Nazi forces. Before the war, she worked as a farm assistant.
Her path into the Nazi camp system came through the League of German Girls, the Nazi youth organization for young women, where she was exposed to Nazi ideology along with thousands of girls her age. She later joined the staff at Stutthof and worked in the women’s section of the camp for only four months. Even during that short period, she later admitted to personally selecting at least thirty female prisoners to be sent to the gas chambers.
In January 1945, as the Soviet army advanced, she fled the camp several months before the war’s end. But in April 1945, Polish police found her and arrested her at her family home.
Both women were put on trial in Danzig in May 1946. They were tried alongside three other female guards, the camp commandant, and several former prisoners who had served as kapos, prisoners chosen by the Nazis to supervise other prisoners inside the camp. This became the first of four separate Stutthof war crimes trials held after the war.
All eleven defendants pleaded not guilty. Throughout most of the trial, Barkmann appeared calm and showed little emotion, as if she was not taking the proceedings seriously. That changed only when the verdict was announced.
Becker and the three other female guards reportedly broke down in tears and begged for their lives after the prosecutor demanded the death penalty. Barkmann was the only one who remained composed. After hearing the death sentence, she was said to have remarked that life was short and pleasure did not last long.
The executions were carried out on July 4, 1946, on a hill overlooking Gdańsk called Biskupia Górka. The size of the crowd was almost unbelievable. Up to 200,000 people gathered to watch, making it one of the largest public executions in modern history.
The method used there was different from the executions carried out in Germany. Instead of the carefully planned long-drop hanging used by Albert Pierrepoint, the condemned faced short-drop hanging. Each condemned person stood on the back of a military truck with the noose placed around their neck.
Then the truck drove away, leaving the person hanging. Instead of a quick neck break, death usually came slowly by strangulation. Former Stutthof prisoners volunteered to carry out the executions themselves, showing just how much hatred and anger had accumulated after years of suffering inside the camp.
According to reports, when Barkmann’s truck malfunctioned after the noose was placed around her neck, the crowd became restless as they watched her still standing there alive. A former prisoner finally rushed forward and pushed her off the truck himself. She died moments later.
Becker and the other condemned prisoners were executed the same way on the same row of gallows that evening. After the executions, something happened that showed just how deep public anger ran toward these guards. People rushed toward the hanging corpses and tore off pieces of clothing, buttons, and other small items to keep as grim souvenirs.
Barkmann’s body was later taken to an anatomical theater in Gdańsk, where it was used to teach medical students before being eventually disposed of.
Not every Nazi collaborator wore the SS uniform or worked inside a concentration camp. Some of the most dangerous people worked quietly behind desks, translating documents and helping with interrogations, determining who would be arrested. Hera Kashparova was one of those people.
Her story is different from the others because many of the people she helped send to their deaths were not strangers. They were people she had grown up with in her hometown. Kashparova was born in June 1923 in Třešť, a small market town in what is now the Czech Republic.
Her family belonged to the Sudeten Germans, a German ethnic community that had lived in the region for generations. Her father worked as a station master at the local railway. She was born with a deformity in one leg that caused her to walk with a noticeable limp.
During her childhood, she was often mocked and bullied because of it. According to later accounts, those painful childhood experiences stayed with her for years and may have influenced many of the choices she made later in life.
After Nazi Germany occupied Czechoslovakia in 1939, many ethnic Germans, including the Kashparova family, received special privileges under German rule. Because she spoke both Czech and German fluently, she used her family connections to get a job at the German criminal police headquarters in a nearby city. Initially, she mostly handled paperwork and records.
In September 1942, she was transferred to the regional office of the Gestapo, Nazi Germany’s secret police. She continued doing clerical work but also became a translator during interrogations of people suspected of being part of the resistance against German occupation. Her job gave her far more influence than it appeared.
Later witnesses testified that she did much more than just translate conversations. They said she actively helped identify suspects, informed authorities about local residents, and used her position to settle personal grudges.
Then came the event that would seal her fate. In May 1945, just two days before Germany formally surrendered and World War II ended in Europe, Kashparova helped identify several local men, including some of her former classmates. Those men were executed later.
According to later accounts, some of them had bullied her in childhood because of her limp. Others were allegedly accused of breaking into her family home shortly before the end of the war. Investigators later concluded that she accused them out of personal hatred rather than because there was real evidence against them.
After Germany’s surrender, Kashparova fled with the retreating German forces and eventually hid near the Austrian border. She successfully avoided capture for nearly a year, but in February 1946, Austrian police arrested her and handed her over to authorities in Czechoslovakia for trial.
A special people’s court considered her case in September 1946. Family members of the victims appeared before the court and described what had happened. The judges concluded that Kashparova acted of her own free will out of personal revenge, not because anyone forced her to do so.
Under Czechoslovakia’s postwar laws established to punish Nazi collaborators, her crime was considered even more serious. On September 13, 1946, Hera Kashparova was executed in Třešť, the same town where she was born and raised. She was hanged on a pole, a method still used in parts of Eastern Europe for those convicted of treason.
Later witnesses reported that Kashparova panicked when she saw the execution pole and collapsed, forcing guards to drag her to it. She was 23 years old. Her execution became the last public execution of a woman in the history of Czechoslovakia.
The most famous woman in this entire story was different. Her crimes were not driven by personal hatred against a few people. Her name was Maria Mandel, and she was born in January 1912 in a small town in Austria.
She was the daughter of a shoemaker and grew up in a Catholic farming family. In 1938, after Nazi Germany annexed Austria, she moved to Munich and joined the Nazi concentration camp system as a guard at Lichtenburg, one of the first camps designated for female prisoners. She was later transferred to Ravensbrück.
Then in October 1942, she was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau where she became Lagerführerin, the highest rank of female officer responsible for the entire women’s section of the camp. In this position, she worked directly under Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Höss and wielded enormous power over the lives of thousands of prisoners.
Inside Auschwitz, prisoners simply called her “the Beast.” For nearly two years, she oversaw the selections that determined who would be forced to work and who would be sent directly to the gas chambers to be killed. Historians who later studied the official death lists she personally signed estimated that she was responsible for the deaths of approximately half a million people.
This makes her one of the most lethal Holocaust perpetrators, whether male or female. Survivors described her as someone who appeared calm and controlled in one moment, then became extremely violent the next. She was also responsible for creating a women’s orchestra in Auschwitz, where female prisoners were forced to play music during roll calls, selections, and even while groups of prisoners were being marched to the gas chambers.
It was a terrifying example of how she tried to create an appearance of order amid unimaginable cruelty.
As Nazi Germany collapsed in early 1945, Mandel fled the camp with her lover Walter Langes, who was also a concentration camp official. They were accompanied by a Jewish prisoner they had taken with them. The group managed to avoid capture for nearly three months.
But in August 1945, US military police finally found them and arrested them at Langes’ home in Bavaria, Germany. In November 1946, Mandel was handed over to Polish authorities for trial in the city of Kraków as part of what is now known as the Auschwitz Trial, one of the largest postwar trials of former Auschwitz staff. In March 1947, she pleaded guilty and admitted that she had personally signed most of the death lists that came from Birkenau.
By December 1947, the court convicted her of crimes against humanity and sentenced her to death.
On the morning of January 24, 1948, twenty-one people convicted during the Auschwitz Trial were executed at Montelupi Prison. Maria Mandel was the first prisoner led to the gallows that morning. At precisely 7:32 AM, she was hanged.
According to reports, her last words were a short sentence in Polish meaning “Long live Poland.” She was 36 years old. After the execution, her body was handed over to a university medical faculty for teaching and research before being later buried in an unmarked grave.
Records from that time also show that her family in Austria never asked to have her body returned home. When a family headstone was later made, her name was not included on it.
Four separate trials, three different countries, and four different methods of execution all reached the same conclusion. Cruelty on this scale does not go unpunished forever. The executions of Volkenrath, Grese, Barkmann, Becker, Kashparova, and Mandel stand as stark reminders that the pursuit of justice after the Holocaust extended far beyond the famous Nuremberg trials.
These women, who wielded absolute power over life and death within the Nazi camp system, ultimately faced the ultimate consequence for their actions. Their stories, preserved in trial transcripts, survivor testimonies, and execution records, serve as a chilling testament to the depths of human cruelty and the relentless march of accountability.